MS Types

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, unpredictable disease of the central nervous system. It affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Scientists believe that MS is an immune-mediated disorder, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the central nervous system, leading to inflammation and damage. This disruption affects the signals to and from the brain and spinal cord, causing the various symptoms associated with MS.

Here are the four main types of MS:

1. Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS):

   • CIS refers to an individual episode of symptoms similar to MS. Doctors may diagnose subsequent episodes as MS.

   • It is often the first sign of MS and may or may not progress to other forms.

   • People with CIS may experience a single neurological episode, such as optic neuritis or sensory symptoms, without meeting the criteria for other MS types.

2. Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS):

   • Approximately 85% of people with MS have RRMS.

   • RRMS is characterized by relapses (attacks) followed by periods of remission.

   • Symptoms can vary widely, and recovery between relapses may take weeks, months, or even years.

   • Eventually, most people with RRMS transition to a secondary progressive phase.

3. Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS):

   • After living with RRMS for many years, most individuals will develop SPMS.

   • In SPMS, symptoms progressively worsen without relapses or remissions.

   • The shift from RRMS to SPMS typically occurs between 10 and 20 years after the initial diagnosis.

   • Ongoing nerve damage leads to less inflammation and a gradual decline in nerve function.

   • Treatment options for SPMS are limited, and symptoms can be challenging to manage day-to-day.

4. Primary Progressive MS (PPMS):

   • PPMS is characterized by gradual worsening of symptoms over time.

   • Unlike other types, there are no distinct attacks or remissions.

   • MS treatments are less effective for PPMS.

   • About 10% of people with MS have PPMS, and it is usually diagnosed at an older age (average age of 40).

Additionally, there is a condition called Radiologically Isolated Syndrome (RIS), which is not considered a course of MS but is used to classify individuals with brain or spinal cord lesions consistent with MS, even if they have no neurological symptoms. Research suggests that more than half of those with RIS eventually develop MS within 10 years1.

Remember that MS is unpredictable, and each person’s experience can vary. If you suspect you have MS or have been diagnosed, working closely with your healthcare provider is essential to manage the disease effectively.